For example, neurophysiology is the study of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and how these work together to perform functions asĬomplex and diverse as vision, movement, and thinking. Like anatomists, physiologists typically specialize in a particular branch of physiology. Physiology usually depend on carefully designed laboratory experiments that reveal the functions of the many structures and chemical compounds that make up the human body. The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements. Is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. Much of the study of physiology centers on the body’s tendency toward homeostasis. Is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. Whereas anatomy is about structure, physiology is about function. For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal Is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system-that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. Other structures work together to serve a particular body region. Studying regional anatomy helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and Is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen. “WriterHound”/Wikimedia Commons credit b: Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)Īnatomists take two general approaches to the study of the body’s structures: regional and systemic. This is a micrograph of nerve cells from the brain. (b) Microscopic anatomy can deal with the same structures, though at a different scale. Of the body, from slices of large structures like the heart, to the three-dimensional structures of large molecules in the body.įigure 1.2 Gross and Microscopic Anatomy (a) Gross anatomy considers large structures such as the brain. As the technology of microscopes has advanced, anatomists have been able to observe smaller and smaller structures Microscopic anatomy includes cytology, the study of cells and histology, the study of tissues. Is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices ( Figure 1.2 b). Macro- means “large,” thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy. Is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification ( Figure 1.2 a). Like most scientific disciplines, anatomy has areas of specialization. These techniques allow clinicians to visualize structures inside the living body such as a cancerous tumor or a fractured In order to observe structures in living people, however, a number of imaging techniques have been developed. Dissection is still used in medical schools, anatomy courses, and in When a body is dissected, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect bodies of theĭead to augment their knowledge. Word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart.” Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Is the scientific study of the body’s structures. Discuss the fundamental relationship between anatomy and physiology.Compare and contrast anatomy and physiology, including their specializations and methods of study.By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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